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Frederick Spencer Chapman, DSO & Bar, ED (10 May 1907 – 8 August 1971) was a British Army officer and World War II veteran, most famous for his exploits behind enemy lines in Japanese occupied Malaya. His medals include the following: the Distinguished Service Order and Bar, the Polar Medal, Gill Memorial Medal, Mungo Park Medal, and the Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Medal. ==Early life and education== Both of Chapman's parents died whilst he was still a young child. His mother, Winifred Ormond, died shortly after his birth in London and his father, Frank Spencer Chapman, was killed at the Battle of the Somme; Freddie (or sometimes Freddy as he was to become known) and his older brother, Robert, were cared for by an elderly clergyman and his wife in the village of Cartmel, on the edge the Lake District. Chapman developed an early interest in nature and the outdoors. As a boy he was, by his own account, 'first a mad-keen butterfly collector, then a wild-flower enthusiast, and at last a bird-watcher'. These were continuing interests throughout his school years and into his adult life.〔Freeman, C. (2006) The Tibetan Album: British Photography in Central Tibet 1920–1950. http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet_Frederick_Spencer_Chapman.html〕 At the age of 8, "after a disastrous term in the kindergarten of a girl's school in Kendal (), I was sent to a private school at Ben Rhydding, on the edge of the Yorkshire Moors. The headmaster – a man of infinite kindness and understanding- was an enthusiastic entomologist... () I left Private School with a good knowledge of gardening and a vast enthusiasm for all forms of natural history.".〔Chapman, F.S (1940) Helvellyn to Himalaya, London: Chatto & Windus〕 When Chapman was 14 years old he went to Sedbergh School in Yorkshire, but did not excel in any of his chosen subjects. Chapman, in his own words, "loathed the monotonous bell-regulated routine of school life" and considered lessons as "things to be avoided by all possible means, fair or foul, and organised games were a waste of a fine afternoon.".〔Chapman, F.S (1940)(p3)〕 He preferred to be out walking and climbing in the surrounding fells. This eventually resulted in Chapman being excused by the headmaster – whom Chapman described as wise and sympathetic to his cause – from having to participate in organised sports, especially cricket, as long as he did not waste his time.〔Chapman, F.S (1940) Helvellyn to Himalaya, London: Chatto & Windus〕 Chapman used this time to explore the local area on foot. Whilst at Sedbergh School Chapman won a Kitchener scholarship to St. John's College, University of Cambridge, in 1926, to study history and English. It was there that he developed his passion for adventure and, by the end of his university years, had already completed several overseas excursions including a climbing expedition in the Alps and a journey to Iceland to study plant and bird life.〔Freeman, C. (2006) The Tibetan Album: British Photography in Central Tibet 1920–1950. http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet_Frederick_Spencer_Chapman.html〕 It was here that he met, and was inspired by, the great mountaineer Geoffrey Winthrop Young, and joined the Cambridge University Mountaineering Club (CUMC).〔Chapman, F.S (1940)(p7-8)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Freddie Spencer Chapman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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